Saúde e práticas de mineração em terras indígenas / Health and mining practices in indigenous territories / Salud y prácticas de minería en tierras indígenas

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as repercussões das práticas de mineração em terras indígenas na saúde. Método: estudo documental de abordagem qualitativa, a partir de matérias jornalísticas de jornais brasileiros e internacionais online registrados entre março de 2020 e dezembro de 2022. A coleta foi realizada entre dezembro e janeiro de 2023. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo. Resultados: foram identificadas 28 notícias vinculadas a jornais nas versões online, emergindo dois núcleos: Garimpo e as ameaças aos povos indígenas; Exposição da saúde dos povos indígenas. Conclusão: é notória a expansão do garimpo ilegal, ameaçando o isolamento dos povos indígenas e fragilizando o controle dos agravos à saúde pelos serviços epidemiológicos. A pesquisa contribui para conscientização sobre atividades de garimpo e saúde indígena, permitindo que os enfermeiros compreendam melhor as questões de saúde emergentes e adaptem suas práticas de cuidados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the repercussions of mining practices on Indigenous Territories on health. Method: A qualitative documentary study was conducted, based on online news articles from Brazilian and international newspapers published between March 2020 and December 2022. Data collection took place between December and January 2023. A content analysis was performed. Results: A total of 28 news articles from online newspapers were identified, revealing two core themes: Mining and Threats to Indigenous Peoples; and Exposure of Indigenous Peoples' Health. Conclusion: The expansion of illegal mining is evident, posing a threat to the isolation of indigenous peoples and weakening the control of health-related issues by epidemiological services. This research contributes to raising awareness about mining activities and indigenous health, enabling nurses to better understand emerging health issues and adapt their care practices.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las repercusiones para la salud de las prácticas de minería en tierras indígenas. Método: estudio documental con enfoque cualitativo, basado en artículos periodísticos de periódicos online brasileños e internacionales registrados entre marzo de 2020 y diciembre de 2022. La recolección se llevó a cabo entre diciembre y enero de 2023. Se realizó análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se identificaron 28 noticias vinculadas a la versión online de periódicos, y surgieron dos categorías: La minería y las amenazas a los pueblos indígenas; Exposición de la salud de los pueblos indígenas. Conclusión: es evidente la expansión de la minería ilegal, que amenaza el aislamiento de los pueblos indígenas y debilita el control de los servicios epidemiológicos de los problemas de salud. La investigación contribuye a crear conciencia sobre la actividad minera y la salud indígena, para que los enfermeros puedan comprender mejor los problemas de salud emergentes y adaptar sus prácticas de atención.

Health education can save the environment from medicine residues

Abstract The incorrect disposal of medicines and their environmental impact has been related to the health medicalization and the improper use of medication by society. In this sense, it is very important to know the profile of drug disposal for foster health policies. The aim was to identify the profile of disposal of medicines by the population, including the cost perspective. This is an inquiry descriptive study that began in September 2019. Medicine disposal health education program was carried out over six months in two University pharmacies. A questionnaire for sociodemographic and discarded medicines data collection was applied. Logistic regression analysis for variables association of correct disposal and the chi-square and t-student analysis for comparison between disposal programs were performed for a level of 5% and test power of 80%. Medicines weighed 23.3 kg and 28.5 kg, with the cost variation from US$ 13.5 to US$ 16.1 until the final treatment. The correct disposal was strongly associated with the disposal reason (p=0.013), source of information (p=0.006), prescription (p=0.03), form of use (p=0.01), acquisition source (p=0.001), cost with medication (p=0.0001), education (p=0.028) and age (p=0.05). The correct medicine disposal was associated with important features of the community related to education health.

Role of biologically synthesised nanoparticles in environmental pollution remediation

Environmental pollution is serious threat for all living organisms. Nanoparticle synthesis using green approach is a non-toxic, easy and energy saving process. Varieties of species have the unique capability to synthesize commercially useful nanoparticles from various metal salt precursors that can help in environmental remediation. The combination of nanotechnology and bioremediation is known as Nanobioremediation. Researchers have shown that biologically nanoparticles shows great potential in reducing environmental pollution from water and soil by adsorption of pollutants and harmful toxic substances from their environment .These green nanoparticles can convert toxic chemicals into less toxic form. Studies also shown that metal nanoparticles also help in removal of harmful bacteria and fungi from environment which can cause diseases in living system. Green synthesised nanoparticles shows very promising results when it comes to environmental remediation they have been used as dye degrader,Oil degrader, photocatalytic agents, biosensors, heavy metals and persidtent organic particulate (POPs) absorbers etc. This review focus on the current status of different types of biologically synthesised nanoparticles in environmental pollution from different species and future challenges associated with environmental remediation.

Consultorio de Salud Ambiental en un Hospital Privado de Comunidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Environmental Health consulting office in a Private Community Hospital of the Buenos Aires City

En los últimos años surge el concepto de Una Sola Salud que reconoce la interdependencia sistémica al observar que los cambios en la salud humana se expresan de manera sincrónica e indivisible de la salud del ambiente. Nuevas enfermedades y daños crónicos inespecíficos ocurren a la par de la pérdida de biodiversidad y vitalidad. En las últimas décadas venimos observando el surgimiento de "adaptaciones sistémicas" que requieren un abordaje desde la clínica y la toxicología a nivel individual y desde la epidemiología de la complejidad a nivel poblacional. Luego de un largo recorrido de investigaciones, el Hospital Italiano formalizó el consultorio de Salud Ambiental con la intención de brindar respuesta a la demanda de pacientes que atribuyen síntomas y signos a la polución ambiental. (AU)

In recent years, the concept of One Health has emerged, recognizing the systemic interdependence and the changes in human health that are expressed synchronously and indivisible from the environment. New diseases and nonspecific chronic damage are occuring in parallel with the loss of biodiversity and vitality.In recent decades we have observed the appearance of "systemic adaptations" that require a clinical and toxicological approach at the individual level, and address the population level from an epidemiological and complexity science paradigm. After many years of research, the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires formalized the Environmental Health consulting office and the measurement of glyphosate levels, giving answer to the demand of patients who associate their signs and symptoms to environmental pollution. (AU)

Assessment of Health Status and Impact of Pollution from Thermal Power Plant on Health of Population and Environment Around the Plant in Udupi District, Karnataka

Background: Coal?fired thermal power plants (TPPs) have a serious impact on soil, air, and water quality resulting in deterioration of health and environment around the plant. Objective: The present study was undertaken with the objectives of assessing the respiratory health status of the population around the plant and to measure selected heavy metals in fly ash, air, water, and soil samples. Materials and Methods: The current cross?sectional study was conducted among 3533 adult residents living in two strata within 10 km radius around the TPP in Udupi district of Karnataka state. Data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaire and spirometry and environmental air monitoring by DustTrak aerosol monitor, water, and soil samples were collected for analysis. Results: Majority of the study participants were in the age group of >45 years (41.4%). 70.6% were females and 0.39% were trans?genders. 4.3% were suffering from various respiratory problems. Bivariable logistic regression showed subjects aged 46–65 years and >65 years have 2.91 times and 4.42 times higher odds of respiratory disease as compared to those with age ?45 years. Multivariable logistic regression showed significant association between higher age group (P < 0.0001) and in subjects who had closed window during cooking (P < 0.006). Levels of heavy metals in soil samples and particulate matter 2.5 were well within permissible limits whereas the ground water samples had excess levels of iron, manganese, and copper. Conclusion: The present study has implications for policymaking to protect the environment and health of vulnerable populations in industrial clusters and the vicinity of power plants.

El impacto de la resistencia a los antibióticos en el desarrollo sostenible / The impact of the antibiotic resistance on the sustainable development

Resumen La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM) es un problema de salud pública cada vez más complejo y se considera como una de las mayores amenazas en todo el mundo. El desarrollo de la RA en los patógenos bacterianos es una consecuencia esperada de la adaptación evolutiva, debido a la presencia de este tipo de contaminantes, los antibióticos, en variedad de nichos ecológicos. Además, hay múltiples factores asociados con su origen y diseminación, entre ellos, el uso desmedido y poco regulado de los antibióticos en la medicina humana y veterinaria, así como en la agricultura, la ganadería y la industria. De hecho, recientemente se ha indicado el papel del ambiente como reservorio para genes de RA y bacterias resistentes a antibióticos. En este sentido, el enfoque para contener y controlar este problema tan complejo involucra de forma necesaria a diversas áreas como la medicina, la veterinaria, las ciencias ambientales y sectores de la industria y la economía. En este artículo, se realiza una descripción tanto del problema de la RA y sus elementos causales, como del enfoque multidisciplinario que ha sido propuesto para su manejo en el ámbito global. Se detalla también cómo la RA afecta el desarrollo humano sostenible conforme a la Agenda 2030 formulada por la ONU, en el cumplimiento de algunos de los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible (ODS).

Abstract Introduction. Antibiotic resistance (AR) is an increasingly complex public health problem, considered one of the greatest threats globally. The development of AR in bacterial pathogens is an expected consequence of evolutionary adaptation due to antimicrobials contamination in the environment. However, multiple factors are associated with the emergence and dissemination of AR, including excessive and poorly regulated use of antibiotics in human and animal medicine, agriculture, livestock, and industry, among other fields. The role of the environment as a reservoir for the generation and dissemination of AR genes and AR bacteria has recently been indicated. The approach to contain and control this problem involves multiple disciplines such as human and animal medicine, the environment, the industry, and the economy. This article describes the AR problem, the factors associated with its origin, and the multidisciplinary approach proposed for its management at a global level. Also, it will be described how AR affects sustainable development according to the UN 2030 Agenda, in compliance with some of the sustainable development goals.

Will there be an improvement of ecosystems in the world post-pandemic?

Purpose/Background. Inconsiderate human activities have led to ecological imbalances, and pollution and degradation of our natural environment. However, for humans to continue to exist on Earth in the future and for sustainable development to occur, we must preserve our ecosystems. Methodology/Approach. This paper examines some ethical considerations that are important to human interaction with the environment, by identifying conditions that existed before the Covid-19 pandemic. Results/Findings. The world is currently challenged by global inequality and global climate change, both of which adversely affect our living environment and very sensitive ecological systems. The physical confinement and social distancing measures imposed by governments worldwide during the Covid-19 pandemic produced a reduction in human interactions and activities which had a positive impact on the ecological environments around the world. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions. As governments release their citizens from the tight restrictions, and people return to their customary activities, we can expect a return to pollution of our environments. This will occur unless, during the period of 'lockdown', humans had become more aware of the harmful effects some of their activities were having on the ecosystem and had been motivated to minimize these activities.

Propósito/Contexto. Las actividades humanas desconsideradas han llevado a desequilibrios ecológicos y a la contaminación y degradación de nuestro entorno natural, sin embargo, para que los seres humanos sigan existiendo en la Tierra en el futuro y para que se produzca un desarrollo sostenible, debemos preservar nuestros ecosistemas. Metodología/Enfoque. Este documento examina algunas consideraciones éticas que son importantes para la interacción humana con el medio ambiente, al identificar las condiciones que existían antes de la pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados/Hallazgos. Actualmente, el mundo enfrenta el desafío de la desigualdad global y el cambio climático global, los cuales afectan negativamente nuestro entorno de vida y sistemas ecológicos muy sensibles. Las medidas de confinamiento físico y distanciamiento social impuestas por los gobiernos de todo el mundo durante la pandemia de COVID-19 produjeron una reducción en las interacciones y actividades humanas que tuvieron un impacto positivo en los entornos ecológicos de todo el mundo. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. A medida que los gobiernos liberan a sus ciudadanos de las estrictas restricciones y las personas regresan a sus actividades habituales, podemos esperar un regreso a la contaminación de nuestro medioambiente. Esto ocurrirá a menos que, durante el periodo de "bloqueo", los humanos se hayan vuelto más conscientes de los efectos nocivos que algunas de sus actividades tenían en el ecosistema y se hayan motivado a minimizar estas actividades.

Finalidade/Contexto. Atividades humanas imprudentes levaram a desequilíbrios ecológicos, poluição e degradação do nosso ambiente natural. No entanto, para que os humanos continuem a existir na Terra no futuro e para que o desenvolvimento sustentável ocorra, devemos preservar nossos ecossistemas. Metodologia/Abordagem. Este artigo examina algumas considerações éticas que são importantes para a interação humana com o meio ambiente, identificando as condições que existiam antes da pandemia de Covid-19. Resultados/Descobertas. O mundo é atualmente desafiado pela desigualdade global e pelas mudanças climáticas globais, que afetam negativamente nosso ambiente de vida e sistemas ecológicos muito sensíveis. As medidas de confinamiento físico e distanciamento social impostas pelos governos em todo o mundo durante a pandemia de Covid-19 produziram uma redução nas interações e atividades humanas que tiveram um impacto positivo nos ambientes ecológicos em todo o mundo. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições. À medida que os governos liberam seus cidadãos das rígidas restrições e as pessoas retornam às suas atividades habituais, podemos esperar um retorno à poluição de nossos ambientes. Isso ocorrerá a menos que, durante o período de 'lockdown', os humanos tenham se tornado mais conscientes dos efeitos nocivos que algumas de suas atividades estavam causando no ecossistema e tenham sido motivados a minimizar essas atividades.

Fundamentos éticos que sustentan la relación mapuche y naturaleza. Aportes para una salud intercultural / Ethical foundations that sustain the Mapuche and nature relationship. Contributions for intercultural health / Fundamentos éticos que sustentam a relação mapuche e natureza. Contribuições para uma saúde intercultural

Resumen: La contaminación ambiental es un gran problema que afecta la Tierra. El territorio mapuche no es la excepción, dado que el modelo extractivista transgrede los espacios sagrados, explota los recursos naturales y contamina, afectando los modos de vida y de salud del mapuche. El objetivo del artículo es reflexionar acerca de los fundamentos éticos de la relación mapuche y naturaleza como aportes para la salud intercultural. Se aprecia que los fundamentos "Az-mapu", "küme mogen" y "ixofil mogen" influyen fuertemente en el comportamiento del mapuche frente a la naturaleza. El respeto, amor, cuidado, empatía y reciprocidad del mapuche hacia la naturaleza, a sí mismo y a las demás personas, le permite estar en armonía y equilibro desde lo físico y espiritual. Es relevante considerar estos fundamentos éticos para mejorar el servicio de salud desde una perspectiva intercultural, considerando para ello la complementariedad, sobre la base del diálogo, con la finalidad de bridar una salud humanizadora, diversa y, por tanto, de calidad, para transitar hacia un bienestar más pleno de sujetos pertenecientes a culturas distintas.

Abstract: Environmental pollution is a big problem that affects the earth. The Mapuche territory is no exception, given that the extractivist model violates sacred spaces, exploits natural resources, and pollutes, affecting the Mapuche's ways of life and health. The objective was proposed: reflect on the relevance of the ethical foundations that sustain the Mapuche and nature relationship as contributions to intercultural health. It is appreciated that the ethical foundations: "Az-mapu", "küme mogen" and "ixofil mogen", have a fundamental role in ethical behavior regarding the relationship between the Mapuche and nature, where respect, love, care, empathy and reciprocity of the Mapuche towards nature, himself and with other people, allows him to be in harmony and balance from the physical and spiritual. In this sense, it is relevant to consider these ethical foundations to improve the health service, from an intercultural perspective, considering complementarity based on dialogue, in order to provide a humanizing, diverse and, therefore, quality health to move towards a good to be more full of subjects belonging to different cultures.

Resumo: A contaminação ambiental é um grande problema que afeta a Terra. O território mapuche não é uma exceção, dado que o modelo extrativista transgride os espaços sagrados, explora os recursos naturais e contamina, afetando os modos de vida e de saúde do mapuche. O objetivo do artigo é refletir acerca dos fundamentos éticos da relação mapuche e natureza como contribuições para uma saúde intercultural. Se considera que os fundamentos "Az-mapu", "küme mogen" e "ixofil mogen" influem fortemente o comportamento do mapuche frente à natureza. O respeito, amor, cuidado, empatia e reciprocidade do mapuche para com a natureza, para consigo mesmo e para com as demais pessoas, lhe permite estar em harmonia e equilíbrio desde o físico ao espiritual. É relevante considerar estes fundamentos éticos para melhorar o serviço de saúde desde uma perspectiva intercultural, considerando para isso a complementariedade, tendo como base o diálogo, com a finalidade de fornecer uma saúde humanizadora, diversa e, portanto, de qualidade, para transitar a um bem estar mais pleno de sujeitos pertencentes a culturas distintas.

Congestión Vehicular y Contaminación Ambiental en Lima Metropolitana / Vehicle Congestion and Environmental Pollution in Metropolitan Lima / Congestionamento dos Veículos e Poluição Ambiental na Metrópole de Lima

Resumen Introducción: La contaminación ambiental en las áreas urbanas, se debe principalmente a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero emitidas por la quema del combustible del parque automotor, el cual se incrementa en situaciones de congestión vehicular, que adicionalmente como fuente de contaminación sonora, incide en la salud física y mental de los ciudadanos. Objetivo: Esta investigación pretende determinar desde la percepción de los consultores independientes de transporte urbano, las causas de la congestión vehicular y su relación con la contaminación ambiental y la salud. Materiales y métodos: La investigación tiene un corte cuantitativo de diseño no experimental, de tipo observacional y descriptivo, donde inicialmente mediante la observación se permitió la selección de las zonas con mayor congestión de la ciudad de Lima metropolitana; además de la participación de 22 consultores independientes quienes a través de una entrevista estructurada permitieron la identificación de las causas de la congestión vehicular y su relación con la contaminación ambiental y la salud. Resultados: conforme con los resultados obtenidos las principales causas del congestionamiento identificadas por los consultores son: una deficiente gestión y planificación vial, falta de educación vial por parte de conductores y peatones, paraderos informales y vehículos obsoletos. Conclusiones: persisten en la ciudad capital niveles de congestión vehicular, que inciden en altos niveles de contaminación, los cuales afectan la salud y economía del peruano. Del análisis a raíz de las encuestas de los expertos, se recomienda dirigir estrategias y políticas de solución que incluyan reformas institucionales que favorezcan mejoras de eficiencia y eficacia en la gestión del transporte urbano, faciliten la renovación del parque automotor y se implementen campañas de sensibilización para crear cultura ciudadana.

Abstract Introduction: environmental pollution in urban areas is mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fuel in the vehicle fleet, which increases in situations of vehicle congestion, which, in addition to being a source of noise pollution, affects the physical and mental health of citizens. Objective: to determine the perception of independent urban transport consultant experts on the causes of vehicle congestion and its relationship with environmental pollution and health. Materials and methods: an observational and descriptive study in the city of metropolitan Lima, through the identification of critical points of vehicular congestion and through structured interviews with independent consultants, on the causes of traffic, environmental pollution and health. Results: the main traffic generators observed were constructions, closed streets, ambulatory commerce, informal stops, unauthorized parking, and accidents. While the causes of congestion, identified by the consultants, were based on poor management and road planning, lack of road safety education for drivers and pedestrians, informal stops, and obsolete vehicles. Conclusions: the capital city still suffers from high levels of traffic congestion, which affects the health and economy of Peruvians. From the analysis based on the opinions of experts, it is recommended that strategies and policies be directed towards solutions that include institutional reforms that favor improvements in efficiency and effectiveness in the management of urban transportation, facilitate the renewal of the vehicle fleet and implement awareness campaigns to create a citizen culture.

Resumo Introdução: a poluição ambiental nas zonas urbanas deve-se principalmente à emissão de gases com efeito de estufa provenientes da queima de combustível pela frota automóvel, que aumenta em situações de congestionamento de veículos, o que, além de ser uma fonte de poluição sonora, afeta a saúde física e mental dos cidadãos. Objetivo: determinar a percepção de peritos independentes em matéria de transportes urbanos sobre as causas do congestionamento dos veículos e a sua relação com a poluição ambiental e a saúde. Materiais e métodos: um estudo observacional e descritivo na cidade de Lima, através da identificação de pontos críticos de congestionamento veicular e de entrevistas estruturadas com consultores independentes, sobre as causas do trânsito, da poluição ambiental e da saúde. Resultados: os principais geradores de tráfego observados foram: construções, ruas fechadas, comércio ambulatório, paragens informais, estacionamento não autorizado e acidentes. Enquanto as causas do congestionamento, identificadas pelos consultores: má gestão e planeamento das estradas, falta de educação em segurança rodoviária para condutores e peões, paragens informais e veículos obsoletos. Conclusões: a capital ainda sofre de elevados níveis de congestionamento de tráfego, que afetam a saúde e a economia dos peruanos. A partir da análise baseada nas opiniões dos peritos, recomenda-se a orientação de estratégias e políticas para soluções que incluam reformas institucionais que favoreçam melhorias na eficiência e eficácia na gestão do transporte urbano, facilitem a renovação da frota automóvel e implementem campanhas de sensibilização para criar uma cultura cidadã.

Waste leachate induces histological alterations in Limicolaria aurora (Jay, 1839) digestive gland

Unsanitary open dumping and burning of wastes in dumpsites results to constant leaching of waste pollutants into the surrounding environment with attendant harmful consequences on wildlife and public health. Here, we investigated the histological effects of Onitsha municipal waste leachate on the Giant African land snail, Limicolaria aurora (Jay 1839). The histopathological effects of waste leachate on the digestive cells of the snails were examined following standard protocols. Snails were exposed to different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0%) of the leachate for a total duration of 21 days. Histological results obtained showed that waste leachate caused dose and duration dependent alterations in the digestive glands of L. aurora. Obvious histological variations were observed in snails exposed to 50% concentrations of the leachate compared to other doses. Observed histological changes were mainly degeneration of the digestive tubules, fragmentation and disappearance of the digestive cells, marked increase in excretory cells, necrosis and epithelia sloughing. This study therefore highlights the potential toxicity of waste leachate of causing mild to severe damage in the tissues of organisms. Reinforcing the fact, that waste leachate contains a mix of toxic substances that could pose a severe injury to the biological system of surrounding biota, including humans.

Leaching of saflufenacil in soils with different organic matter contents

Saflufenacil is a herbicide recommended for use in the main agricultural crops in Brazil to control eudicotyledonous weeds. However, the application of saflufenacil has been carried out without previous knowledge of this herbicide interactions with soil colloids, which may increase environmental contamination risks. In this study, the leaching of saflufenacil in soil samples was estimated with different organic matter contents. Therefore, PVC columns were filled with samples of Xanthic Ferralsol (XF) and Ferralsol (F), with different physical and chemical attributes. Twelve hours after herbicide (70 g i.a. ha-1) application, the PVC columns were subjected to a rainfall of 60 mm. For the evaluation of saflufenacil leaching, the columns were sectioned in ten parts with 5-cm each. Saflufenacil leached up to 50 and 40 cm deep in the samples, with the lowest contents of organic matter of XF and F, respectively. The increase in organic matter content of Ferralsol and Xanthic Ferralsol samples reduced saflufenacil leaching and the symptoms of intoxication in the indicator species. There was an inverse relation between the content of organic matter and the leaching of the herbicide in both soils studied. It was observed that the application of saflufenacil in soils with low organic matter contents may represent a significant environmental contamination risk of soils and watercourses.

Research progress of model animal zebrafish in toxicity evaluation of microplastics / 环境与职业医学

With the extensive use of plastic products and the sharp increase of plastic waste, microplastics produced by degradation in the natural environment and artificially added by industry have been detected in food, air, ocean, and even extreme geographical environment. The environmental pollution and the biological health hazards caused by this new type of pollutant has become a global scientific problem to be solved urgently. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), as a typical model organism, has been widely used to evaluate the environmental pollution and health hazards caused by microplastics. This review on the research progress of model animal zebrafish in toxicity evaluation of microplastics mainly emphasized the toxic effects of microplastics on selected organs of zebrafish, briefly introduced the influencing factors of toxicity induced by microplastics, discussed the standardization of experiments for the evaluation of microplastic toxicity using zebrafish, and finally explored the future research directions.

Exploration and practice on the teaching reform of "Bioremediation of Environmental Pollution" / 生物工程学报

The course Bioremediation of Environmental Pollution, which plays a vital role in the professional training system, is a professional elective course for college students majored in environmental science, environmental engineering and agricultural resources and environment. In view of the problems identified in previous teaching experiences, the teachers carried out teaching reform to meet the demand for high-quality personnel training. The teaching reform included optimization of course objectives, reconstruction of course content and knowledge integration, reform and innovation of teaching methods. The practices indicate that a reformed curriculum teaching significantly improves the achievement of the teaching objectives. Moreover, it effectively enhances the students' independent learning, thinking and comprehensive knowledge application ability, achieving sound teaching effects.

O caráter pandêmico dos desastres socioambientais e sanitários do agronegócio / The pandemic nature of agribusiness' socio-environmental and sanitary disasters

RESUMO O processo de produção do agronegócio químico-dependente é um dos maiores geradores de riscos, desastres socioambientais e sanitários de caráter pandêmico. Ele atua na determinação social da saúde-doença-danos ambientais, levando a situações críticas, riscos e vulnerabilidades, exploração humana, intoxicações agudas e crônicas e degradações ecológicas como efeitos de suas formas danosas de estabelecer inter-relações entre produção-ambiente-sociedade. O setor tem contribuído diretamente para a crise ecológica e sanitária globalizada ao dar origem a sindemias, insegurança alimentar, contaminação das águas, alimentos além de produzir doenças infecciosas novas e/ou reemergentes. Neste ensaio crítico, com base nos estudos do Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais e Saúde do Trabalhador da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, demonstram-se diferentes elementos ameaçadores, destrutivos, degradantes e violadores do direito à saúde dos trabalhadores e ambiental nos principais elos da cadeia produtiva do agronegócio. Em seguida, utilizando também análises de documentos públicos, normativas do Estado e dados de sistemas de vigilância em saúde, evidenciam-se os processos de contaminação de alimentos e água decorrentes dos agrotóxicos, bem como apresenta-se uma crítica às tendências políticas que giram em torno do agronegócio. Por fim, destaca-se a necessidade premente de uma transição agroecológica enquanto resposta às doenças e às sindemias do agronegócio.

ABSTRACT The production process of the chemical-dependent agribusiness is one of the largest generators of risk, socio-environmental, and sanitary disasters of a pandemic nature. It acts on the social determination of health-disease-environmental damages, leading to critical situations, risks and vulnerabilities, human exploitation, acute and chronic poisoning, and ecological degradations as the effects of their harm to establish interrelations between production-environment-society. The sector has contributed directly to the globalized ecological and sanitary crisis by giving rise to syndemics, food insecurity, water and contamination, besides producing new and/or reemergious infectious diseases. In this critical essay, based on the studies of the Nucleus for Environmental Studies and Workers Health of the Federal University of Mato Grosso, different elements that are menacing, destructive, degrading, and violators of workers' right to health and environmental health are demonstrated in the main links in the production chain of agribusiness. Next, using public document analyses, state regulations, and data from health surveillance systems, the processes of food and water contamination arising from agrochemicals are exposed, as well as a criticism of the political tendencies that revolves around agribusiness. Finally, we highlight the pressing need of an agroecological transition as a response to the diseases and syndemics of agribusiness.

Determination of glyphosate in breast milk of lactating women in a rural area from Paraná state, Brazil

The aim of this study was to verify the presence of glyphosate in breast milk and to characterize maternal environmental exposure. Sixty-seven milk samples were collected from lactating women in the city of Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, living in urban (n=26) and rural (n=41) areas, at the peak of glyphosate application in corn and soy crops in the region (April and May 2018). To characterize the study population, socio-epidemiological data of the women were collected. To determine glyphosate levels, a commercial enzyme immunosorbent assay kit was used. Glyphosate was detected in all breast milk samples analyzed with a mean value of 1.45 µg/L. Despite some descriptive differences, there were no statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the categories of the variables tested. Also, glyphosate was detected in drinking water samples from the urban area and in artesian well water from the rural area of the region where the studied population lived. The estimation of the total amount of glyphosate ingested by breastfeeding babies in a period of 6 months was significant. These results suggest that the studied lactating population was contaminated with glyphosate, possibly through continued environmental exposure.

Environmental and occupational exposure among cancer patients in Mato Grosso, Brazil / Exposição ambiental e ocupacional entre pacientes com câncer em Mato Grosso

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of occupational and environmental exposure according to sociodemographic factors in cancer patients treated at reference hospitals in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on cancer patients aged 18 years or older. The prevalence of exposure to pesticides, asbestos, lead, heavy metals, formaldehyde, benzene, exposure to industrial dust, and handling of other chemical substances were calculated according to sex, age group, and level of education. Results: A total of 1,012 patients were interviewed (55.0% women, 45.6% aged 60 years or older, and 56.8% had less than five years of formal education). Pesticides (22.8%), industrial dust (10.7%), and benzene (10.1%) were the most frequent exposures. Occupational and environmental exposure was higher in men for all evaluated exposures, except for formaldehyde, which was higher in women. Exposure to pesticides, industrial dust, benzene, asbestos, and heavy metals increased with age and were more frequent among those with lower level of education. Conclusion: Approximately one in five cancer patients treated at reference hospitals in Mato Grosso reported having been exposed to pesticides, and one in ten were exposed to industrial dust and benzene, with greater exposure among men, older individuals, and those with lower level of education.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da exposição ocupacional e ambiental segundo fatores sociodemográficos nos pacientes com câncer atendidos nos hospitais de referência do estado de Mato Grosso. Métodos: Estudo transversal com pacientes com câncer de 18 anos ou mais. Foram calculadas as prevalências de exposição a agrotóxicos, amianto, chumbo, metais pesados, formol, benzeno e poeira industrial e de manuseio de outras substâncias químicas conforme sexo, faixa etária e escolaridade. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 1.012 pacientes (55,0% do sexo feminino, 45,6% com 60 anos ou mais, 56,9% com menos de cinco anos de escolaridade). Agrotóxicos (22,8%), poeira industrial (10,7%) e benzeno (10,1%) foram as exposições de maior frequência. A exposição ocupacional e ambiental foi maior no sexo masculino para todas as exposições avaliadas, exceto para o formol, que foi maior no sexo feminino. A exposição a agrotóxico, poeira industrial, benzeno, amianto e metais pesados aumentou com a idade e foi mais frequente entre aqueles de menor escolaridade. Conclusão: Aproximadamente um em cada cinco pacientes com câncer atendidos em hospitais de referência de Mato Grosso relatou ter sido exposto aos agrotóxicos, e um a cada dez foi exposto a poeira industrial e benzeno, sendo maior a exposição entre os indivíduos do sexo masculino, mais velhos e de menor escolaridade.

Research progress on ecotoxicological effects of antidepressants / 预防医学

Abstract：@#With the increasing rise in antidepressant consumption, more and more antidepressants and their metabolic products enter into water and soil environments. This will cause toxicity to animals living in these environments, and antidepressants may be transferred to humans via food chain, leading to human health risks. Based on national and international publications pertaining to environmental pollution and toxic effects of antidepressants during the period between 2005 and 2021, this review summarizes the biological accumulation, acute toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, metabolic effects and biological behavior changes of antidepressants, so as to provide insights into the elucidation of the impact of antidepressants on human health risks.

Haze weather health protection behavior and associated factors in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate adolescent haze weather health protection behavior, and to provide scientific basis for behavioral intervention and health guidance for adolescents in haze weather.@*Methods@#From June 2015 to April 2016, 1 025 adolescents were selected from 22 classes in two middle schools of Baoding City, Hebei Province, by stratified cluster sampling method. General information questionnaire and the Brief Haze Weather Health Protection Behavior Assessment Scale Adolescent Version (BHWHPBAS AV) were used. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to explore factors affecting adolescent haze weather health protection behavior. Different models were used to confirm associations between influencing factors and BHWHPBAS AV scores.@*Results@#Adolescents had a low overall score of BHWHPBASAV (45.81±13.16). The score rate of self adjustment after haze weather was the highest (64.54%). The score rate of obtaining relevant knowledge before haze weather was the lowest (50.28%). Compared with adolescents in urban area, rural adolescents had a lower BHWHPBAS AV score ( β=-3.20, P <0.01). Compared with students (living with parents), those living without parents had a lower BHWHPBAS AV score ( β=-4.16, P =0.01). Compared with students never receive physical examination,those had received physical examination during the past years had a higher BHWHPBAS AV score ( β=4.44，5.66，9.04, P <0.01). Compared with students with no knowledge of respiratory system diseases, those with moderate to sufficient knowledge had a higher BHWHPBAS AV score ( β=9.34，12.19，P <0.01). These associations were stable and consistent.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that residence, residence with parents, physical examination and knowledge of respiratory diseases were the relevant factors of BHWHPBAS AV score ( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Adolescent haze weather health protection behavior level is low and is affected by many factors. Cooperation should be strengthened to conduct behavioral interventions and health guidance on haze health protection for adolescents, so as to promote healthy growth of adolescents.